Criminal Liability for Radioactive Contamination With Cesium-137 as a Guarantee of Human Rights Protection
Keywords:
Corporate Accountability, Protection of Human Rights, Radioactive Cesium-137Abstract
Indonesia is experiencing a very serious environmental problem, namely radioactive cesium-137 contamination, which is suspected to be caused by waste processing activities carried out by PT Peter Metal Tecknologi in Cikande, Banten. Radioactive cesium 137 has a very dangerous impact on both humans and the environment, and the negative effects of radioactive contamination can last for a very long time. The cesium-137 contamination incident experienced by Indonesia shows that the Indonesian government has been negligent in supervising waste processing and sustainable environmental preservation. Thus, the issues to be discussed in this study are the responsibility of the corporation or party that caused the cesium-137 contamination to the community affected by cesium-137 and the role of the government in tackling environmental pollution to ensure the protection of the human rights of the community. This study uses a normative juridical research method with a legislative and conceptual approach. The purpose of this study is to analyze corporate responsibility for environmental pollution caused by corporate activities and to analyze the government's responsibility for environmental pollution. The results of this study indicate that corporations must be held responsible for the occurrence of cesium 137 radioactive contamination, whereby such responsibility is limited to the law but also to the restoration of the impact caused by their actions. Furthermore, the government must increase its supervisory capacity, improve coordination between institutions, and ensure victims' access to compensation and transparent public information.
References
Adam Arifin, Bagas. “Tanggung Jawab Korporasi Atas Dampak Pencemaran Lingkungan Akibat Aktivitas Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi.” Jurist-Diction 4, no. 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.20473/jd.v4i1.24292.
Affairs, Legal. “Uclear Law Bulletin No. 93” 2014, no. 93 (2014).
Agus Santoso, Muhari. “Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Pencemaran Lingkungan Hidup Yang Dilakukan Oleh Korporasi.” Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum 7, no. 2 (2016): 216–28. https://doi.org/10.26905/idjch.v7i2.1912.
Amiq, Bachrul, M. Syahrul Borman, Moh Taufik, Renda Aranggraeni, Pudji Astuti, Sukanya Aimim-Tham, and Aminah. “Environmental Damage: Community Lawsuit Against The Government Over Industrial Business Licenses.” Law Reform: Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum 20, no. 1 (2024): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v20i1.61176.
Andrianto, Robertus, Damiana, and CNBC Indonesia. “Kronologi AS Temukan Kontaminasi Cs-137 Di Udang Dan Cengkih Indonesia,” 2025. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20251002130023-4-672248/kronologi-as-temukan-kontaminasi-cs-137-di-udang-dan-cengkih-indonesia.
Barretto, Paulo, and Evaldo Simões da Fonseca. “Radiation Sciences The Cs-137 Radiological Accident in Goiânia, Brazil : Conditions and Results of the Airborne Radiometric Survey.” Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences 11, no. 2 (2023): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.15392/2319-0612.2023.2231.
Benuf, Kornelius, and Muhammad Azhar. “Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Sebagai Instrumen Mengurai Masalah Hukum Kontemporer.” Jurnal Gema Keadilan 7, no. 1 (2020): 20–34. https://doi.org/10.14710/gk.2020.7504.
Binawan, Andang, and Maria Grasia Sari Soetopo. “Implementasi Hak Atas Lingkungan Hidup Yang Bersih, Sehat, Dan Berkelanjutan Dalam Konteks Hukum Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia 9, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.38011/jhli.v9i1.499.
Chalabi, Azadeh. “A New Theoretical Model of the Right to Environment and Its Practical Advantages.” Human Rights Law Review, 23, no. 4 (2023): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngad023.
Durkee, Melissa J. “CONFERENCE: THE 1972 STOCKHOLM DECLARATION AT FIFTY: REFLECTING ON A HALF-CENTURY OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW/International Environmental Law at Its Semicentennial: The Stockholm Legacy/Hosted by the Dean Rusk International Law Center and the Georg.” Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law 50, no. 3 (2022): 748. https://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2552&context=gjicl.
Ebbesson, Jonas. “Access to Justice in Environmental Matters in the EU,” in EU Environmental Law. Edited by Marjan Peeters and Rosa Uylenburg. Oxford: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2012.
Fadhilah, Fajri. “Hak Atas Lingkungan Hidup Yang Baik Dan Sehat Dalam Konteks Mutu Udara Jakarta.” Indonesian Center for Environmental Law, 2018. https://walhijakarta.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Brief-ICEL-Hak-Atas-Lingkungan-Hidup-yang-Baik-dan-Sehat-dalam-Konteks-Mutu-Udara-Jakarta.pdf.
Fisher, Elizabeth, Judith Jones, and René von Schomberg. Implementing the Precautionary Principle: Perspectives and Prospects. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2006.
Fuadi, Gumilang, and Muchammad Ichsan. “Liability for Nuclear Damage : Perspectives of International Conventions , Indonesian Positive Law , and Islamic Law of Civilization . 1 In Addition to Its Use as a Weapon , Nuclear Energy Can Also Be Harnessed through Nuclear Reactors or Pembangkit Listr.” Asy-Syir’ah Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah Dan Hukum 56, no. 2 (2022). https://doi.org/10.14421/ajish.v56i2.
Hadiyantina, Shinta, Dewi Cahyandari, and Dhiana Puspitawati. “Bapeten Supervisory Authority in the Procedure of Transportation of Radioactive Substance Through the Sea.” Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 8, no. 3 (2020): 447. https://doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v8i3.34678.
Haetami, Heru, Naomi Lyandra, Rezky Novianto, and KBR.id. “Membongkar Ancaman Paparan Radiasi Cesium-137 Di Cikande,” 2025. https://kbr.id/articles/ragam/membongkar-ancaman-paparan-radiasi-cesium-137-di-cikande.
Harefa, Safaruddin, and Muhammad Alvin Nashir. “PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA KORPORASI DALAM KASUS PELANGGARAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP DI INDONESIA.” ADIL: Jurnal Hukum 16, no. 1 (2025): 36–60. https://doi.org/10.33476/ajl.v16i1.4966.
Hasibuan, Rosmidah. “Pengaturan Hak Atas Lingkungan Hidup Terhadap Kesehatan.” Jurnal Ilmiah “Advokasi” 6, no. 2 (2018): 101. https://jurnal.ulb.ac.id/index.php/advokasi/article/view/252.
Hayama, Shin ichi, Aki Tanaka, Setsuko Nakanishi, Fumiharu Konno, Yoshi Kawamoto, Kazuhiko Ochiai, and Toshinori Omi. “Time Dependence of 137Cs Contamination in Wild Japanese Monkeys after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29, no. 58 (2022): 88359–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23707-0.
Herlina, Manullang, and Pasaribu Riki Yanto. Pertangung Jawaban Pidana Korporasi, 2020.
Johnson, Erik W., Jennifer Schwartz, and Alana R. Inlow. “The Criminalization of Environmental Harm: A Study of the Most Serious Environmental Offenses Prosecuted by the U.S. Federal Government, 1985-2010.” Environmental Sociology 6, no. 3 (2020): 307–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2020.1748269.
Kahfi, Saiful, and Firdaus. “Implementasi Prinsip Pencegahan Dalam Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia 8, no. 1 (2021): 45–67.
Malins, Alex, Hiroshi Kurikami, Shigeo Nakama, Tatsuo Saito, Masahiko Okumura, Masahiko Machida, and Akihiro Kitamura. “Evaluation of Ambient Dose Equivalent Rates Influenced by Vertical and Horizontal Distribution of Radioactive Cesium in Soil in Fukushima Prefecture.” Journal of Environmental Radioactivity Volume 151, no. 1 (January 2016): 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.09.014.
Mardiya, Nuzul Qur’aini. “PENGATURAN PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN KORPORASI DALAM TINDAK PIDANA LINGKUNGAN HIDUP / THE REGULATION OF CORPORATE LIABILITY IN ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMINAL ACT.” Jurnal Hukum Dan Peradilan 7, no. 3 (2018): 483. https://doi.org/10.25216/jhp.7.3.2018.483-502.
Margareta, Stefani, and Widyawati Boediningsih. “Tanggung Gugat Korporasi Akibat Pencemaran Lingkungan Ditinjau Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Perlindungan Dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup” 0444 (2023): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.58344/jhi.v1i2.10.
Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Penelitiann Hukum. 15th ed. Jakarta: Kencana, 2021.
Masni Majid, Suziana, and Salawati Mat Basir. “The Lessons Learnt from Japan’s Mechanisms to Compensate Victims of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident.” International Journal of Asian Social Science 9, no. 12 (2019): 752–64. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.1.2019.912.752.764.
Mujiono, and Fanny Tanuwijaya. “Formulasi Korporasi Sebagai Subjek Hukum Pidana Dalam Regulasi Lingkungan Hidup Di Indonesia.” Lentera Hukum 6, no. 1 (2019): 55–70. https://doi.org/10.19184/ejlh.v6i1.9590.
Muladi. Hak Asasi Manusia: Hakekat, Konsep, Dan Implikasinya Dalam Perspektif Hukum Dan Masyarakat. Bandung: Refika Aditama, 2009.
N. Alhathi, Abdulrahman Ahmad, Khalid Ali Y. Alshahrani, and Ali Muhammad M. Al-Darwbi. “The Legal Basis for Civil Liability in the Nuclear Field.” International Journal of Religion 5, no. 2 (2024): 360–66. https://doi.org/10.61707/z49p3r72.
N. Okowa, Phoebe. The Prevention Principle in International Environmental Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
Nurlaily, Novy Yandari, and Agus Supriyo. “Pertanggungjawaban Korporasi Dalam Kasus Pencemaran Lingkungan Hidup.” Media of Law and Sharia 3, no. 3 (2022): 255–69. https://doi.org/10.18196/mls.v3i3.14384.
Raharjo, Satjipto. Ilmu Hukum. VIII. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti, 2014.
Sadeleer, Nicolas de. “The Polluter-Pays Principle in EU Law—Bold Case Law and Poor Harmonisation,” in EU Environmental Law and the Internal Market. Edited by Marjan Peeters and Rosa Uylenburg. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Saravanan, Panchamoorthy, Diwakar Kumar Anjan, Sivaraj Vharshini, Balaji Sowmya, Eduardo Alberto López-Maldonado, Viswanathan Saravanan, Rajan Rajesh Kannan, Manivasagan Rajasimman, and Shanmugam Venkatkumar. “A Comprehensive Review of Eco Toxicity of Cesium 137 Deterioration of Radionuclides Pollution.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 32, no. 26 (2025): 15518–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-025-36651-6.
Satwika Narendra, Gde Made Swardhana, Diah Ratna Sari Hariyanto. “Pertanggungjawaban Korporasi Berdasarkan Kesalahan Menurut Hukum Pidana.” J-CEKI : Jurnal Cendekia Ilmiah 3, no. 5 (2024): 5290–5303. https://doi.org/10.56799/jceki.v3i5.5089.
Setiawan, B., D. Iskandar, G. Nurliati, H. Sriwahyuni, M. Mirawaty, P. A. Artiani, K. Heriyanto, N. E. Ekaningrum, Y. Purwanto, and S. Sumarbagiono. “Proposed Managements of 137Cs Contaminated Soil: Case Study in South Tangerang City.” Atom Indonesia 47, no. 1 (2021): 65–76. https://doi.org/10.17146/aij.2021.1055.
Soeparna, Intan, and Joseph Tanega. “A Critical Assessment on Nuclear Security Measure in Indonesia.” Yuridika 37, no. 2 (2022): 317–44. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v37i2.36279.
Warih Anjari. “Pertanggungjawaban Korporasi Sebagai Pelaku Tindak Pidana.” Jurnal Ilmiah WIDYA Yustisia 1, no. 2 (2016): 116–21. https://www.neliti.com/publications/247176/pertanggungjawaban-korporasi-sebagai-pelaku-tindak-pidana.
Wibowo Suliantoro, Bernadus, and Caritas Woro Murdiati Runggandini. “Konsep Keadilan Sosial Dalam KebhinekaanMenurut Pemikiran Karen J. Warren.” Jurnal Etika Sosial 23, no. 1 (2018): 58. http://ejournal.atmajaya.ac.id/index.php/respons/article/download/467/160.
Wongkar, Etheldreda E L T. “Meninjau Kembali Strict Liability : Perkembangan Konseptual Dan Tantangannya Dalam Ajudikasi Lingkungan Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Pro Natura 1, no. 1 (2024): 1–18. https://journal.ugm.ac.id/v3/Pro-Natura/article/view/13532/4547.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Dialita Ayu Cendani Tuanaya, Valencia Tan A Hwa, Ulfatul Hasanah, Aisya Puteri Hutami
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright holder by Author
