Socio-Legal Analysis of Letter C in Ulayat Land Transactions Among Indigenous Communities

Abstract

Ulayat land transactions based on the Letter C document remain prevalent in many parts of Indonesia, despite lacking explicit recognition in the national land law framework. This article aims to analyze the legality of customary land transactions using Letter C, within the perspectives of both customary and national law. Using a socio-legal approach, this research draws upon literature and field data. The findings show that Letter C holds strong social legitimacy at the community level due to its historical, administrative, and symbolic functions. Though weak under national law, courts still consider Letter C as supporting evidence in land disputes. Transactions are considered valid under customary law when they fulfill the principles of konkret, kontan, and terang, and involve approval from customary leaders and village authorities. In conclusion, the state must build a legal bridge that recognizes and accommodates such local practices to reduce agrarian conflict and strengthen legal protection for indigenous communities.